The Main Communication Channels in Organizations

The main communication channels that are commonly used in my organization are wireline and wireless communication channels. Being a hospitality company, the top officials are frequent interaction with the junior officials for consistency.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Communication Channels in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main forms of communication under the wireline channel are telephone calls and computer networks (Middleton, 2002). In this organization, senior officers usually use telephones to communicate within the organization, as well as to organize external meetings and interviews among others. On the other hand, wireless communication channel involves the use of internet through computers, mobile phones, televisions, and radio calls. Since the organization has an official website all official communication within the organization as well as to the organization’s c lients is done through the internet. Telephone and radio calls are mostly used by the top officials to communicate meetings or emergencies. According to Middleton (2002), some of the main interferences within communication channels resulting into noise are electromagnetic interferences, and interferences of radio frequencies among others. As it has been revealed, interferences of the electromagnetic system usually cause inefficiency in the performances the entire system, resulting into noises. Further, interferences of the radiation emitted by most of the electronic appliances may interfere with the frequencies in the entire communication system, resulting into noise. One of the main strategies that ought to be incorporated in my organization’s communication system is a ‘short message’ notification for an official message. Since many officials are not always logged in their e-mails, it would be quite important if the system is made more effective through ‘s hort message’ notification for any new message from the administration. It should be noted that, e-mails are not only effective means of communication, but also necessary in the current society dominated by digital communication. Basically communication has largely improved because of technology since it is easier for information to reach large number of audience within a very short time (Middleton, 2002). According to Middleton (2002), organization’s climate affects communication largely. If in an organization there is free interaction between the top and lower officials, communication would be easier and effective. On the other hand, when lower ranked employees are restricted to freely interact with their top officials, communication would be limited among the social classes.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, the recurring pattern of behavior with in an organization determines a lot the overall communication patterns within the organization. Generally, the organizational climate determines the how inter-group of interpersonal communication trends are facilitated. As reported by Middleton (2002), non-verbal communication is one of the most powerful means of communication within an organization. Non-verbal communication involves the use of body signs and signals to denote a certain meaning. Some of the main non-verbal communication modes are facial expressions, gestures and changes of behavior. On this basis, the development of skills to read non-verbal communication effectively is important. Through training of the non-verbal language of communication, it becomes possible for the members in the organization to understand each other more accurately. After being trained on various implications of the body language, an individual develops appropriate skills necessary to effectively read non-verbal communication. In the organizati on that I work for, nonverbal communication is largely used in my workplace. In this case, gestures and facial expressions are the main nonverbal communication modes used. For instance, if an individual is not happy with the supervisor’s behavior he or she frowns, indicating his dissatisfaction by the supervisor’s action or message. More so, gestures are largely used to notify an individual about an attention needed at certain point urgently. Hand gestures are the most popularly used form of gestures in my work place, since the noise made by machines does not enhance effective verbal communication (Middleton, 2002). As held by Middleton (2002), communication within organizations may be either through formal or informal channels. One of the main advantages of formal communication is that, the messages can be stored for future use. More so, messages from formal communication can be tested for accuracy and reliability. However, informal channel of communication requires f ormal skills of expressing ideas. On this basis, formal communication is only limited to the elite and skillful individuals within an organization. On the other hand, the main advantage of informal organization is that, it does not require special skills and results into more interpersonal relationships within an organization. However, informal communication channels may be deceptive, resulting into its unreliability for future references. One of the most commonly used informal communications in organizations is rumors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Communication Channels in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the ways in which organizations can use rumors in their organization is to spread rumor of cutting back to maximize production in their organization. By being closer to the employees and subsequently paying more attention to the atmospheres of workplace, managers would make emp loyees more productive since they would be more motivated. According to Middleton (2002), it is ultimately not ethical for managers to rely on rumors since they are ultimately unreliable and may arouse tension within the organization. Generally, use of rumors in organizations is an informal communication means which is unethically acceptable as means of communication within organizations, despite being a motivating agent among the employees. Reference Middleton, J. (2002). Organizational Behavior. New York: Capstone Publishing. This essay on The Main Communication Channels in Organizations was written and submitted by user Zoey Sloan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Use an Explanatory Essay Sample

How to Use an Explanatory Essay SampleIf you are looking for a way to impress your reader with an impressive essay, then an explanatory essay sample would be a perfect choice. This kind of essay can have a better impact than some others in terms of allowing the students to grasp your topic and more importantly, to learn from your essay. These types of essays can be delivered in the form of research papers or can be used as thesis or discussion papers.An explanatory essay sample can help in communicating your message in a better manner. It is easy to appreciate the benefits that these kinds of essays have provided in terms of helping the student to come up with a better way of handling and expressing their ideas. If you are looking for ways to make your essay more effective, then you should look into this kind of essay samples.When it comes to writing an essay, you will find that an explanatory essay sample could help a lot. You will not need to spend a lot of time in coming up with t he ideas for your paper. You will only need to come up with the ideas on the paper and then you need to carry them out using your own skills.The first thing that you need to consider is the way that you would like to present your idea. You could choose to create an outline to help you organize your ideas better. Your outline could even be based on the presentation of your topic.There would be a specific idea that you want to emphasize, and that is, it is important to make sure that the particular idea that you want to emphasize is considered carefully. You would be surprised that there are many readers who will not even give any importance to your particular idea when they read your essay. The other problem is that these people would need to spend some time before understanding what you actually meant.Another benefit of writing an essay that is based on an explanatory format isthat it can help you focus on the particular issue that you would like to emphasize. If you are studying ab out politics, then it would be easier for you to focus on the situation during a presidential election campaign. You can easily grasp the main theme of your topic and could see what you need to do in order to get elected.Essays based on this format also provide a number of benefits. You will have the ability to summarize the ideas that you would like to convey in a concise manner. You would be able to deliver your message with greater clarity and precision.If you are interested in learning more about writing an essay, then you could visit a website that offers such essay sample. These are often free and you could simply fill out the forms and you would be provided with all the templates that you need. You would be given instructions on how to use these templates and you could even take advantage of the templates and use them in creating your own type of essays.

Free Essays on Chinese New Year

Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon 15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade. The Chinese calendar is based on a combination of lunar and solar movements. The lunar cycle is about 29.5 days. In order to "catch up" with the solar calendar the Chinese insert an extra month once every few years (seven years out of a 19-yearcycle). This is the same as adding an extra day on leap year. This is why, according to the solar calendar, the Chinese New Year falls on a different date each year. New Year's Eve and New Year's Day are celebrated as a family affair, a time of reunion and thanksgiving. The celebration was traditionally highlighted with a religious ceremony given in honor of Heaven and Earth, the gods of the household and the family ancestors. The sacrifice to the ancestors, the most vital of all the rituals, united the living members with those who had passed away. Departed relatives are remembered with great respect because they were responsible for laying the foundations for the fortune and glory of the family. The presence of the ancestors is acknowledged on New Year's Eve with a dinner arranged for them at the family banquet table. The spirits of the ancestors, together with the living, celebrate the onset of the New Year as one great community. The communal feast called "surrounding the stove" or weilu. It symbolizes family unity and honors the past and present generations.... Free Essays on Chinese New Year Free Essays on Chinese New Year Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon 15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade. The Chinese calendar is based on a combination of lunar and solar movements. The lunar cycle is about 29.5 days. In order to "catch up" with the solar calendar the Chinese insert an extra month once every few years (seven years out of a 19-yearcycle). This is the same as adding an extra day on leap year. This is why, according to the solar calendar, the Chinese New Year falls on a different date each year. New Year's Eve and New Year's Day are celebrated as a family affair, a time of reunion and thanksgiving. The celebration was traditionally highlighted with a religious ceremony given in honor of Heaven and Earth, the gods of the household and the family ancestors. The sacrifice to the ancestors, the most vital of all the rituals, united the living members with those who had passed away. Departed relatives are remembered with great respect because they were responsible for laying the foundations for the fortune and glory of the family. The presence of the ancestors is acknowledged on New Year's Eve with a dinner arranged for them at the family banquet table. The spirits of the ancestors, together with the living, celebrate the onset of the New Year as one great community. The communal feast called "surrounding the stove" or weilu. It symbolizes family unity and honors the past and present generations....

Essay Planning for Organizational culture is fundamentally about

Planning for Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss. - Essay Example ance of organizational culture for a variety of organizational sizes and the natures of business they are involved in, identification of the various macro- and micro-cultural factors that affect an organization, and what qualifies as effective management of the organizational culture. I selected only the theories that provided a detailed and holistic perspective of organizational culture and were include manageable factors. I ensured the quality of my sources by using peer-reviewed sources that included but were not limited to books and journal articles. I used articles from good impact factor journals. I also used the sources only that were published in the last five years to ensure that my paper covers recent research and is updated on the latest findings in the subject. This reflects in the references section given at the end. I made sure not to include and to exclude retrieving any information whether in support of or to refute my argument from non-credible sources like Wikipedia and blogs. I had a plan in mind according to which I found the sources. I first I broke the statement down in different sections and phrases so that I would be able to reach the sources discussing particular aspects of the statement. For example, one of my phrases was â€Å"management of organizational culture† while another phrase that I used to search the sources on the Internet was â€Å"organizational culture’s symbolic meaning†. To make sure that I use credible sources, I preferred looking into journal papers and books than other kinds of sources available online. For instance, to find the relevant journal articles, I would write â€Å"journal filetype:pdf† after the phrase on the search bar. As a result, all I got was journal articles in pdf files online. Basically, the side of the argument I was on reflected in the statement of discussion i.e. â€Å"Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed.† I had four approaches in mind while

Torts and Product Liability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Torts and Product Liability - Research Paper Example Chris missed breakfast because they had to leave the house very early in the morning to the airport. After dropping Jim at the airport, the two (Stella and Chris) went to the McDonald’s drive-through for the breakfast. Stella ordered a McBreakfast and Chris her grandson, parked the car so that she could add sugar and cream to her coffee (Buchholtz and Carroll, 2008). She could not add the cream and sugar because there was no flat surface in the car where she could place the coffee cup and get the lid off. As an alternative, she placed the coffee cup between her knees and tried to get the coffee cup lid that way. As she tried to remove the lid, hot coffee spilled onto her lap (Buchholtz and Carroll, 2008). Chris got out of the car to help her; he pulled her sweat suit twisting it as the coffee (170 degrees) burned her inner thigh, buttocks, and groin. She was taken to the hospital and upon arrival at the emergency room; she was confirmed to have sustained third-degree burns. Stella spent a week in the hospital and three weeks at home nursing her injuries with the help of her daughter, Nancy Tiano (Buchholtz and Carroll, 2008). After a while, she was hospitalized again for skin grafts and during that period she lost around 20 pounds and at times she was practically immobilized. Though she was not willing to sue McDonald, her family was of the opinion that she had to be compensated for the out-of-pocket expenses and her daughter’s lost wages for the time she had stayed with her at home (Buchholtz and Carroll, 2008). On May 2005, Pearson took his pants to the Custom Cleaners for alterations. Roy Pearson was at that time the newly appointed Washington, DC administrative law judge. Pearson owned five expensive Hickey Freeman suits which he wore one for every day of the week. The pants had become uncomfortable and thus he took them to the local dry cleaning service (Custom Cleaners).

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Essay Example for Free

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Essay 1. Monetary and fiscal policy and its impact on business decision making 2. Open economy macroeconomics-Mundell –Fleming Model and its application FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICY IN INDIA AND ITS IMPACT ON Business Decision Making. What is monetary policy? Monetary policy is the management of money supply and interest by central banks to influence prices and employment. Monetary policy works through expansion or contraction of investment consumption expenditure. Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank (RBI in India), or monetary authority of a country controls 1. The supply of money 2. Availability of money 3. Cost of money or the rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objective oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy involves raising interest rates in order to combat inflation. Monetary policy is contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to government borrowing, spending and taxation Why it is needed? What monetary policy – at its best – can deliver is low and stable inflation, and thereby reduces the volatility of the business cycle. When inflationary pressures build up, it is monetary policy only which raises the short-term interest rate (the policy rate), which raises real rates across the economy and squeezes consumption and investment. The pain is not concentrated at a few points, as is the case with government interventions in commodity markets. Monetary policy in India underwent significant changes in the 1990sas the Indian Economy became increasing open and financial sector reforms were put in place. In the 1980s, monetary policy was geared towards controlling the quantum, cost and directions of credit flow in the economy. The quantity variables dominated as the transmission Channel of monetary policy. Reforms during the 1990s enhanced the sensitivity of price signals from the central bank, making interestrates the increasingly Dominant transmission channel o f monetary policy in India. WHEN WERE MONETARY POLICIES INTRODUCED? Monetary policy is primarily associated with interest rate and credit. For many centuries there were only two forms of monetary policy: (i) Decisions about coinage (ii)Decisions to print paper money to create credit. Interest rates, while now thought of as part of monetary authority, were not generally coordinated with the other forms of monetary policy during this time. Monetary policy was seen as an executive decision, and was generally in the hands of the authority with seignior age, or the power to coin. With the advent of larger trading networks came the ability to set the price between gold and silver, and the price of the local currency to foreign currencies. This official price could be enforced by law, even if it varied from the market price. With the creation of the Bank of England in 1694, which acquired their responsibility to print notes and back them with gold, the idea of monetary policy as independent of executive action began to be established. The goal of monetary policy was to maintain the value of the coinage, print notes which would trade at par to specie, and prevent coins from leaving circulation. The establishment of central banks by industrializing nations was associated then with the desire to maintain the nations peg to the gold standard, and to trade in an arrow band with other gold-backed currencies. To accomplish this end, central banks as part of the gold standard began setting the interest rates that they charged, both their own borrowers, and other banks that required liquidity. The maintenance of a gold standard required almost monthly adjustment of interest rates. During the 1870-1920 periods the industrialized nations set up central banking systems, with one of the last being the Federal Reserve in1913.By this point the role of the central bank as the lender of last resort was understood. It was also increasingly understood that interest rates had an effect on the entire economy, in no small part because of the marginal revolution in economics, which focused on how many more, or how many fewer, people would make a decision based on a change in the economic trade-offs. It also became clear that there was a business cycle, and economic theory began understanding the relationship of interest rates to that cycle.(Nevertheless, steering a whole economy by influencing the intere st rate has often been described as trying to steer an oil tanker with a canoe paddle.) Research by Cass Business School has also suggested that perhaps it is the central bank policies of expansionary and contractionary Policies that are causing the economic cycle; evidence can be found by looking at the lack of cycles in economies before central banking policies existed. OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY The objectives are to maintain price stability and ensure adequate flow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy. Stability for the national currency (after looking at prevailing economic conditions), growth in employment and income are also looked into. The monetary policy affects the real sector through long and variable periods while the financial markets are also impacted through short-term implications. There are four main channels which the RBI looks at: †¢Quantum channel: money supply and credit (affects real output and price level through changes in reserves money, money supply and credit aggregates). †¢Interest rate channel. †¢Exchange rate channel (linked to the currency). †¢Asset price. Monetary decisions today take into account a wider range of factors, such as: †¢short term interest rates; †¢long term interest rates; †¢velocity of money through the economy; †¢exchange rate †¢credit quality †¢bonds and equities (corporate ownership and debt) †¢government versus private sector spending/savings * International capital flow of money on large scale * Financial derivatives such as option, swaps and future contracts etc. Types of monetary policy: In practice, all types of monetary policy involve modifying the of base currency (MO) in circulation. This process of changing liquidity of base currency through the open sales and purchase (government-issued) debt and credit instrument is called open market operation. Constant market transactions by the monetary authority modify the supply of currency and this impacts other markets variables such as short term interest rates and the exchange rates. The distinction between the various types of monetary policy lies primarily with the set of instruments and target variables that are used by the monetary authority to achieve their goals. A fixed exchange rate is also an exchange rate regime; The Gold standard results in a relatively fixed regime towards the currency of other countries on the gold standard and a floating regime towards those that are not. Targeting inflation, the price level or other monetary aggregates implies floating exchange rate unless the management of the relevant foreign currencies is tracking the exact same variables (such as a harmonized consumer price index).Inflation targeting Under this policy approach the target is to keep inflation, under particular definition such as Consumer Price Index, within a desired range. The inflation target is achieved through periodic adjustments to the Central Bank interest rate target. The interest rate used is generally the interbank rate at which banks lend to each other overnight for cash flow purposes. Depending on the country this particular interest rate might be called the cash rate or something similar. The interest rate target is maintained for a s pecific duration using open market operations. Typically the duration that the interest rate target is kept constant will vary between months and years. This interest rate target is usually reviewed on a monthly or quarterly basis by a policy committee Price level targeting Price level targeting is similar to inflation targeting except that CPI growth in one year is offset in subsequent years such that over time the price level on aggregate does not move. Something similar to price level targeting was tried by Sweden in the1930s, and seems to have contributed to the relatively good performance of the Swedish economy during the Great Depression. As of 2004, no country operates monetary policy based on a price level target. Monetary aggregates In the 1980s, several countries used an approach based on a constant growth in the money supply. This approach was refined to include different classes of money and credit (M0, M1 etc). In the USA this approach to monetary policy was discontinued with the selection of Alan Greenspan as Fed Chairman. This approach is also sometimes called monetarism. While most monetary policy focuses on a price s ignal of one form or another, this approach is focused on monetary quantities. Fixed exchange rate this policy is based on maintaining a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. There are varying degrees of fixed exchange rates, which can be ranked in relation to how rigid the fixed exchange rate is with the anchor nation. Under a system of fiat fixed rates, the local government or monetary authority declares a fixed exchange rate but does not actively buy or sell currency to maintain the rate. Instead, the rate is enforced by non-convertibility measures (e.g. capital controls, import/export licenses, etc.). In this case there is a black market exchange rate where the currency trades at its market/unofficial rate. Under a system of fixed-convertibility, currency is bought and sold by the central bank or monetary authority on a daily basis to achieve the target exchange rate. This target rate may be a fixed level or a fixed band within which the exchange rate may fluctuate until the monetary authority intervenes to buy or sell as necessary to maintain the ex change rate within the band. (In this case, the fixed exchange rate with a fixed level can be seen as a special case of the fixed exchange rate with bands where the bands are set to zero.) Under a system of fixed exchange rates maintained by a currency board every unit of local currency must be backed by a unit of foreign currency (correcting for the exchange rate). This ensures that the local monetary base does not inflate without being backed by hard currency and eliminates any worries about a run on the local currency by those wishing to convert the local currency to the hard (anchor) currency. These policies often abdicate monetary policy to the foreign monetary authority or government as monetary policy in the pegging nation must align with monetary policy in the anchor nation to maintain the exchange rate. The degree to which local monetary policy becomes dependent on the anchor nation depends on factors such as capital mobility, openness, credit channels and other economic factors Gold standard The gold standard is a system in which the price of the national currency as measured in units of gold bars and is kept constant by the daily buying and selling of base currency to other countries and nationals. (I.e. open market operations cf. above). The selling of gold is very important for economic growth and stability. The gold standard might be regarded as a special case of the Fixed Exchange Rate policy. And the gold price might be regarded as a special type of Commodity Price Index . Today this type of monetary policy is not used anywhere in the world, although a form of gold standard was used widely across the world prior to 1971. For details see the Breton Woods system. Its major advantages were simplicity and transparency. Monetary policy tools monetary base monetary policy can be implemented by changing the size of the monetary base. This directly changes the total amount of money circulating in the economy. A central bank can use open market operations to change the monetary base. The central bank would buy/sell bonds in exchange for hard currency. When the central bank disburses/collects this hard currency payment, it alters the amount of currency in the economy, thus altering the monetary base. . Monetary policy in different years The monetarist statistical regularities have weakened for the 1970-90 period, in comparison with the 1960-79 where the influence of current and past business activity on the money supply were weak, while the predictive value of changes in the money stock for future output was large National income and saving play vital role on formulation of monetary policy. As the income increases the spending will also increase, thus monetary will be less intensively required and same is the case with increase in saving .chart shows how the finance systems generate the real money and nominal money .The existence of long-run equilibrium relationship among money and income represented by a money demand function also has significant implications for monetary policy. The kind of economy India has, it is effected by the dollar rate .India has Services led growth is getting reinforced by a sustained resurgence in industrial activity after a long hiatus of slow down and restructuring during the period 1976-1987.Thus India contribute much too the imports and exports, thus it have impacted by dollar price.

Wars - The Results Lead to Further Conflicts :: World History

Wars - The Results Lead to Further Conflicts During the twentieth century, conclusions of wars created the conditions for subsequent wars. Whether it was the conquered or the conqueror, few ever remain content past an initial truce. Two examples of this can be found in the events that lead up to WWII and the constant conflict in the Middle East. The conclusion and consequences of World War I created many issues, which helped intensify World War II. The Treaty of Versailles, which outlined the restitutions Germany was to pay, was a major upset for the German people. Even though Germany lost the war, the German people's sense of nationalism was still alive and sections of the Treaty, such as Article 231 (the War Guilt Clause), fueled German anger. German economy was destroyed due to heavy reparations payments. The onslaught of the American Stock Market Crash caused a German depression. German resentment over the Treaty of Versailles stayed with the people for years until Adolf Hitler played upon the people's anger. Hitler's machinations eventually lead into WWII. Another outcome of WWI was the creation of The League of Nations. The victors of WWI wanted to implement a system of collective security, designed to resolve future conflicts using peaceful methods. Unfortunately, the League proved ineffective, which prompted leaders such as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler to take aggressive action against their enemies. In 1936, civil unrest in Spain erupted into a war that further encouraged the beginning of WWII. Countries such as Germany, Italy and USSR lent their support without hesitation, whereas Britain, France and the US did not. This gave Germany and the USSR the impression that Britain and France were weak militarily and could be easily subdued. To many, this war was considered a training ground for Germany to test military tactics that would be used in WWII. During WWII, the US and USSR were forced to band together to defeat their common enemy, Hitler. This alliance foreshadowed post-war tensions, as there were disagreements over wartime strategy. Issues such as the Polish Question, spheres of influence, the Berlin Blockade/Airlift, NATO and the Marshall Plan, which were ultimately about communism vs. democracy, lead to military conflicts such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the Middle East, tensions between Jews and Arabs have been present since biblical times. When the Jewish state of Israel was created in 1948 in the Arab homeland of Palestine, severe unrest emerged between the two groups and the Palestinian War began.